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A conditional noble or predialist〔Segeš 2002, p. 286.〕 ((ハンガリー語:prédiális nemes), (ラテン語:nobilis praedialis)) was a landowner in the Kingdom of Hungary who was obliged to render specific services to his lord in return for his landholding, in contrast with a "true nobleman of the realm" who held his estates free of such services. Most conditional nobles lived in the border territories of the kingdom, including Slavonia and Transylvania, but some of their groups possessed lands in estates of Roman Catholic prelates. Certain groups of conditional nobility, including the "ecclesiastic nobles" and the "nobles of Turopolje" preserved their specific status until the 19th century. ==History== Society in the early medieval Kingdom of Hungary was basically split into the two major groups: "freemen" ''(liberi)'' and "servants" ''(servi)''.〔Kontler 1999, p. 69.〕 Although legislation sharply distinguished these two categories (for instance, by prohibiting intermarriage),〔Rady 2000, p. 21.〕 a wide group of "semi-free" people also existed.〔 Furthermore, a man's legal status did not determine his economic position or occupation.〔 Accordingly, it was not unusual for a freemen to serve in a lord's household without owning landed property nor for a servant to render military services to his lord in return for the lands he had received from him.〔 Distinctions between freemen and servants started to disappear in the 12th century, but in the early 13th century new borders were formed between those who rendered military services and those who only "did peasant work" (Pál Engel) .〔Engel 2001, p. 84.〕 In the former group, "castle warriors" were those who served under the command of the ''ispán'' or head of a castle district in return for the lands they held in the royal estates attached to the castle, while "royal servants" were those who owed military service directly to the monarch.〔Kontler 1999, pp. 56., 76.〕 Royal servants enforced the confirmation of their liberties in 1222 when King Andrew II of Hungary issued his Golden Bull.〔Kontler 1999, p. 77.〕 One of the principal provisions of the document stipulated that royal servants were no longer obliged to accompany the king in a military campaign abroad "unless it be at his expense".〔Engel 2001, p. 94.〕〔''The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary, 1000–1301'' 1222:7, p. 33.〕 The emerging self-consciousness of the royal servants is demonstrated by their adoption of the "noble" denomination from the 1250s,〔Rady 2000, p. 40.〕 in a period when the "exact nature of noble status and the basic privileges of the noble order were definitely laid down" (Pál Engel).〔Engel 2001, pp. 119-120.〕 Their newly confirmed status distinguished "true nobleman of the realm" from those who owned their estates in return for services to be rendered to the monarch or other lords.〔〔Rady 2000, p. 60.〕 On the other hand, some groups of castle warriors began to call themselves "the freemen of the Holy King" ''(liberi Sancti Regis)'', suggesting that their liberties could be traced back to the time of St Stephen, the first king of Hungary〔Engel 2001, p. 71.〕 Furthermore, certain groups of landowners who were obliged to render services to their lords received collective liberties in the second half of the 13th century.〔Rady 2000, pp. 79-81.〕 Even new groups of landowners with similar obligations appeared in the northern Carpathian regions and other border territories of the kingdom in the same period or some decades later.〔Rady 2000, pp. 80-81., 85-86.〕 The "nobility" of conditional nobles was rather local, which is demonstrated by such denominations as "nobles of Turóc" (Turiec, Slovakia) or "nobles of Szepes" (Spiš, Slovakia) (Martyn Rady).〔Rady 2000, pp. 80-81.〕 Accordingly, they usually had their own administrative units, local meetings and courts, separate from the counties and their general assemblies.〔Rady 2000, p. 84.〕 For instance, the "predialists" of the archbishopric of Esztergom had a "seat" in Vajka (Vojka nad Dunajom, Slovakia) and later in Verebély (Vráble, Slovakia).〔 Although conditional nobles were sometimes invited to the general assemblies, their court cases were usually heard at a separate meeting.〔 For instance, Romanian ''kenezes'' attended the general meetings of the Transylvanian noblemen, Saxons and Székelys in 1291 and 1355,〔Pop 2005, p. 230.〕 but otherwise a separate meeting was convoked for them by the deputy of the voivode of Transylvania.〔Makkai 1994, p. 223.〕 Conditional nobles were legally distinguished from ''familiares'', that is, from noblemen who served a secular lord or a prelate (usually in exchange for a salary), but preserved their direct connection to the monarch.〔Rady 2000, pp. 110., 120.〕 Nevertheless, in some cases ''familiares'' resigned from their "true noble" status in order to receive protection from more powerful lords, such as the ancestors of some nobles living on the estates of the bishops of Veszprém.〔Rady 2000, p. 112.〕 On the other hand, conditional nobles whose estate was liberated from the obligations formerly attached to it acquired the status of "true noblemen".〔Rady 2000, p. 81.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Conditional noble」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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